Tsira Shvangiradze

Seeking international recognition amid the German occupation, European governments-in-exile coordinated resistance efforts in foreign countries to regain sovereignty.

Toussaint L’Ouverture is known as one of the “Fathers of Haiti.” His leading role in the Haitian Revolution led the former French colony to its independence in 1804.

The Wannsee Conference was a meeting of Nazi officials. It formalized “the Final Solution to the Jewish Question”—the extermination of Europe’s Jews.

Nazi Germany invaded the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg in May 1940. During the four years of Nazi occupation, the nation experienced severe losses and economic stagnation.

The Yalta Conference played a crucial role in establishing the anti-Hitler alliance and carved out the framework of the post-World War II international order.

The Polish Tatars, also known as Lipka Tatars, are regarded as Europe’s oldest Sunni Muslim communities. They have resided in Poland since the 14th century.

Between 1856 and 1907, the British Empire and the Russian Empire engaged in a political and diplomatic confrontation for dominance in Central Asia, known as the Great Game.

Poland and Ukraine’s relations in the 20th century were characterized by military confrontation and political upheavals on an ethnic basis, resulting in massacre and forced migration.