10 Historic Cities in India That Exist Since Ancient Times

As the birthplace of major religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, and a cradle of ancient civilizations, India holds a unique place in global heritage. With a history stretching back over 5,000 years, India has witnessed the rise and fall of great empires, the flourishing of trade routes like the Silk Road, and the transformative impact of colonialism. Significant events, such as the Mauryan and Gupta golden ages, the Mughal era, and India’s struggle for independence, have shaped its identity as a land of resilience and innovation. Scattered across the country are ancient cities that have stood the test of time, preserving the essence of India’s historical legacy. These cities, rich in architectural wonders, spiritual significance, and cultural traditions, are perfect destinations for history enthusiasts. Here are ten historic Indian cities that date back to ancient times and deserve a place on your travel itinerary.

Varanasi, nestled along the sacred Ganges River, is among the world’s oldest continuously inhabited cities, with roots tracing back to the 2nd millennium BCE. Historically, it was a hub for Vedic religion and philosophy and thrived as a commercial center renowned for muslin and silk fabrics, perfumes, ivory works, and sculpture.

Today, Varanasi draws visitors from all over the world. The city’s ghats, stone steps leading to the river, are central to its identity. Dashashwamedh Ghat, the most lively, hosts the Ganga Aarti every evening, where priests perform rituals with lamps and chants.

The Kashi Vishwanath Temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva, is a significant pilgrimage site that reflects the city’s deep-rooted religious heritage.

Nearby, the 18th-century Ramnagar Fort showcases Mughal architecture with its carved balconies and open courtyards. The fort’s museum houses a rare collection of vintage cars, bejeweled sedan chairs, and manuscripts that help you learn about the region’s regal past.

A short distance from Varanasi lies Sarnath, where Gautama Buddha delivered his first sermon, marking it as a pivotal site in Buddhist history.

2. Delhi

With a legacy spanning over a millennium, Delhi has been the epicenter of various empires, each leaving indelible marks on its landscape. Believed to have been the legendary Indraprastha from the Mahabharata, it has served as the capital of the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire, among others. In 1911, the British colonial administration moved India’s capital to Delhi, solidifying its prominence.

Old Delhi, established by Emperor Shah Jahan in 1639, is home to the imposing Red Fort and the majestic Jama Masjid. Narrow lanes bustle with life, particularly at Chandni Chowk, a market dating back to Mughal times.

Meanwhile, New Delhi, designed by British architects Lutyens and Baker in the early 20th century, exudes colonial grandeur with landmarks like Rashtrapati Bhavan and India Gate. Visitors should not miss Qutub Minar, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, or the serene Lotus Temple.

Ayodhya, nestled on the banks of the Ghaghara River in Uttar Pradesh, is revered as the birthplace of Lord Rama. It holds a central place in Hinduism and is also significant in Buddhism and Jainism.

The recently inaugurated Ram Mandir stands as a testament to Ayodhya’s enduring religious importance.

Nearby, Hanuman Garhi, a temple dedicated to Lord Hanuman, offers panoramic views of the city. The serene banks of the Saryu River, especially at Ram ki Paidi, provide a tranquil setting for reflection and prayer.

Ayodhya’s vibrant festivals, particularly Diwali, transform the city into a luminous spectacle, with millions of oil lamps illuminating its ghats and streets.

4. Patna (Pataliputra)

Patna, formerly known as Pataliputra, was founded in the 5th century BCE by Ajatashatru, king of Magadha. It became the capital of the Magadha Empire under his son Udayin. Over the centuries, it flourished as the heart of major empires, including the Maurya and Gupta dynasties, serving as a hub for politics, culture, and education.

Today, you can explore the ruins of Pataliputra at Kumhrar, where remnants of the Mauryan period, such as the 80-pillared hall, offer you a glimpse into the city’s illustrious past.

The Patna Museum houses artifacts like the Didarganj Yakshi, exemplifying exquisite Mauryan artistry. The city’s ghats along the Ganges River, including Gandhi Ghat, provide serene spots for reflection and are integral to local traditions.

Other notable historic landmarks include sites like Agam Kuan, an ancient well dating back to Emperor Ashoka’s reign, and the Golghar, a massive granary built in 1786.

Madurai, often referred to as the “Athens of the East,” is one of India’s oldest cities, with a history spanning over two millennia. Situated on the banks of the Vaigai River in Tamil Nadu, it has been a significant cultural and religious center since ancient times. The city’s origins are intertwined with Tamil literature and the Tamil Sangams, ancient academies of poets and scholars, that were held here.

At the heart of Madurai lies the Meenakshi Amman Temple, a stunning example of Dravidian architecture. Dedicated to Goddess Meenakshi and Lord Sundareswarar (Shiva), the temple complex is renowned for its towering gopurams (gateway towers) adorned with intricate carvings. The temple’s origins date back to ancient times, with significant contributions from the Nayak rulers in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Another architectural marvel is the Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal, built in 1636 by King Thirumalai Nayak. This palace showcases a blend of Dravidian and Islamic architectural styles, featuring grand pillars, arches, and a central courtyard. The palace once served as the king’s residence and a venue for royal ceremonies.

For those interested in the city’s colonial past, the Gandhi Memorial Museum offers insights into India’s struggle for independence. Housed in the 17th-century Tamukkam Palace, the museum displays a rich collection of artifacts, including a blood-stained garment worn by Mahatma Gandhi.

Don’t forget to check out Madurai’s bustling markets, such as the Puthu Mandapam, located near the Meenakshi Temple. This 17th-century pillared hall is now a lively marketplace where artisans sell textiles, jewelry, and handicrafts.

Ujjain, located in central India, was formerly known as Ujjayini. It served as the capital of the ancient Avanti Kingdom and was a prominent center during the Maurya and Gupta empires.

The city’s spiritual significance is highlighted by the Mahakaleshwar Temple, one of the twelve Jyotirlingas dedicated to Lord Shiva. This temple attracts countless devotees seeking blessings and spiritual solace.

Ujjain is also renowned for hosting the Kumbh Mela, one of the world’s largest religious gatherings, held every twelve years on the banks of the Shipra River. This event draws millions of pilgrims who come to take a holy dip, believing it cleanses them of sins.

Another notable landmark is the Kal Bhairav Temple, dedicated to Kal Bhairav, a fierce manifestation of Lord Shiva. Unique rituals here involve offering liquor to the deity, a practice that intrigues many visitors.

The Ram Ghat on the Shipra River is a serene spot where devotees perform rituals and ceremonies, especially during festivals. The evening aarti (prayer ceremony) at Ram Ghat is a mesmerizing experience, with lamps illuminating the river and chants filling the air.

If you love astronomy, Ujjain’s Jantar Mantar observatory, built in the 17th century, showcases the city’s historical advancements in astronomical studies.

7. Hampi (Vijayanagara)

Hampi, located along the Tungabhadra River in Karnataka, was once the thriving capital of the Vijayanagara Empire, established in 1336 CE. By the 16th century, it had grown into one of the world’s largest and wealthiest cities, renowned for its grandeur and prosperity. However, in 1565, the city faced a devastating defeat at the Battle of Talikota, leading to its eventual abandonment.

Today, Hampi is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, drawing visitors with its stunning ruins. The Virupaksha Temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva, remains an active place of worship and showcases remarkable Dravidian architecture. Nearby, the Vijaya Vittala Temple is a captivating landmark with its iconic stone chariot and musical pillars.

Exploring the Royal Enclosure provides you with information about the empire’s regal past. It features structures like the Mahanavami Dibba, a grand platform used for royal ceremonies. The Lotus Mahal, with its Indo-Islamic design and the massive Elephant Stables, further highlight the architectural brilliance of the period.

Often hailed as the “City of a Thousand Temples,” South India’s Kanchipuram’s history stretches back to the 2nd century BCE, serving as a capital for the Pallavas from the 3rd to the 9th century CE and later flourishing under the Chola and Vijayanagara dynasties.

When you’re in Kanchipuram, you’ll be greeted by a panorama of majestic temples. For example, the Kailasanatha Temple, dating back to the early 8th century CE, stands as a testament to Pallava architecture, adorned with intricate carvings that have withstood the sands of time.

Another architectural marvel is the Ekambareswarar Temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva. This ancient temple is renowned for its towering gopuram and the revered thousand-pillared hall.

The Kamakshi Amman Temple, dedicated to Goddess Kamakshi, is a major pilgrimage site. The temple’s architecture is grand, with beautiful carvings and a serene atmosphere.

Kanchipuram is also celebrated for its handwoven silk sarees, a tradition that has thrived for centuries. The city’s bustling markets offer a vibrant array of these exquisite textiles, so both shoppers and culture lovers will enjoy visiting here.

9. Pushkar

According to Hindu mythology, Lord Brahma vanquished the demon Vajranash with a lotus flower, and where its petals landed, lakes emerged, one of which became Pushkar Lake.

Nowadays, Pushkar, which is nestled in Rajasthan’s Aravalli Range, is a vibrant pilgrimage destination renowned for the Brahma Temple, one of the few temples dedicated to Lord Brahma globally. Pilgrims and tourists alike are drawn to the sacred Pushkar Lake, encircled by 52 ghats, where devotees perform rituals and take holy dips.

The town’s allure intensifies during the annual Pushkar Camel Fair, a centuries-old tradition that has evolved into a major tourist attraction. This event showcases camel trading, cultural performances, and vibrant markets, where you’ll get more information about Rajasthan’s rich heritage.

When visiting, make sure to check out the Savitri Mata Temple, perched atop a hill and accessible via a scenic ropeway ride that provides panoramic views of Pushkar and its surroundings.

Found in Tamil Nadu, Thanjavur flourished as the Chola Empire’s capital from the 9th to 11th centuries CE. Under Chola rule, it became a cultural and architectural hub, exemplified by the construction of the Brihadishvara Temple.

Today, Thanjavur attracts visitors with its rich heritage. The Brihadishvara Temple, completed in 1010 CE, stands as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a masterpiece of Chola architecture. Its towering vimana and intricate sculptures showcase the era’s artistic excellence.

Adjacent to the temple, the Thanjavur Maratha Palace, also known as the Nayak Palace, offers insights into the city’s later history. Built around 1550 CE by the Thanjavur Nayaks and expanded by the Marathas, the palace complex includes the Saraswathi Mahal Library, housing ancient manuscripts, and the Art Gallery, displaying exquisite bronze and stone sculptures.

Thanjavur is also renowned for its classical music, dance, and distinctive Tanjore painting style, reflecting its enduring cultural legacy.